前進動力

2021年2月21日 星期日

The Two Roads(兩條道路)

 

The Two Roads   by John Ruskin

  It was New Years Night. An aged man was standing at a window. He raised his mournful eyes towards the deep blue sky, where the stars were floating like white lilies on the surface of a clear calm lake. Then he cast them on the earth, where few more hopeless people than himself now moved towards their certain goal --- the tomb. He had already passed sixty of the stages leading to it, and he had brought from his journey nothing but errors and remorse. Now his health was poor, his mind vacant, his heart sorrowful, and his old age short of comforts.

 The days of his youth appeared like dreams before him, and he recalled the serious moment when his father placed him at the entrance of the two roads --- one leading to a peaceful, sunny place, covered with flowers, fruits and resounding with soft, sweet songs; the other leading to a deep, dark cave, which was endless, where poison flowed instead of water and where devils and poisonous snakes hissed and crawled.

   He looked towards the sky and cried painfully, O youth, return! O my father, place me once more at the entrance to life, and Ill choose the better way! But both his father and the days of his youth had passed away.

 

  He saw the lights flowing away in the darkness. These were the days of his wasted life; he saw a star fall down from the sky and disappeared, and this was the symbol of himself. His remorse, which was like a sharp arrow, struck deeply into his heart. Then he remembered his friends in his childhood, who entered on life together with him. But they had made their way to success and were now honoured and happy on this New Year’s Night.

 

  The clock in the high church tower struck and the sound made him remember his parents early love for him. They had taught him and prayed to God for his good. But he chose the wrong way. With shame and grief he dared no longer look towards that heaven where his father lived. His darkened eyes were full of tears, and with a despairing effort, he burst out a cry: “ Come back, my early days! Come back!”

   And his youth did return, for all this was only a dream which he had on New Years Night. He was still young though his faults were real; he had not yet entered the deep, dark cave, and he was still free to walk on the road which leads to the peaceful and sunny land.

   Those who still linger on the entrance of life, hesitating to choose the bright road, remember that when years are passed and your feet stumble on the dark mountains, you will cry bitterly, but in vain: O youth, return! Oh give me back my early days!

 約翰.羅斯金


  那是一個除夕之夜,一位老人站在窗前。他悲傷地望著天空,望著深藍色的天空,繁星像百合花一樣漂浮在清澈平靜的天空之湖裡。他望著地面,卻沒有幾個像他這樣絕望的,奔向唯一的終點――墳墓的人。在通往生命終點的旅途中,他已經走過了六十個驛站,收穫的卻只有過失和悔恨。如今他的健康不佳,精神空虛,內心痛苦,晚年的生活並不舒適。

  年輕的時光像夢一樣在浮現在眼前,他回想起那個關鍵的時刻,父親把他帶到人生的岔路口,有兩條路擺在他面前:一條通往一個寧靜的、陽光燦爛的地方,那裡滿是花果,柔和甜美的歌手迴響在空中;另一條卻通往一個黑暗無底的洞穴,那裡流淌的不是清水,而是毒汁,那裡惡魔肆虐,毒蛇橫行。

  他仰望著天空,痛苦地哭喊道:“啊,青春,回來吧!啊,父親,重新把我帶到生命的起點吧,我會選擇另一條更好的路!”可是,他的父親連同青春,都已經離開他了。

  他看到黑暗中點點光亮被吞沒,那些是他虛度的日子;他看見一顆星星從天上墜落,消失了,那他的象徵。悔恨,像一把鋒利的劍,深深刺入他的心臟。他想起那些童年時的夥伴,那些同他一起踏上生命的旅途的人們,如今都是成功的、受人尊重的。此刻,他們都沉浸在除夕的幸福中。

  教堂高塔上的鐘聲敲響了,這讓他想起了小時父母的愛,那些諄諄教誨,那些他們為他的幸福所做的禱告。可是他選擇了一條錯誤的路。羞愧和悲傷使他不敢再奢望父親所居住的天堂。他昏暗的眼睛飽含了淚水,他絕望地奮力哭喊:“回來吧,我逝去的歲月!回來啊!”

  不過這次他的青春真的回來了。因為所有這一切只不過是除夕夜他做的一場夢而已。他仍然年輕,儘管確實犯過錯誤,不過仍然沒有進入那黑暗的洞穴,他仍然可以選擇那條通往安寧和光明的道路。

  正在人生路口徘徊,猶豫著是否選擇光明之路的年輕人啊!請記住,當時光已逝,你的雙腳在黑暗的山間舉步維艱、跌跌撞撞的時候,你會痛苦地呼喊:“啊,青春!回來!啊,把我逝去的日子還給我吧!”可是,那一切都是沒用的!



  ―――――――――――
 
 
  約翰.羅斯金(1819-1900),維多利亞時期英國著名的作家和評論家。他父親是位富商,經常帶他到歐洲各地旅遊,他從小就對建築、藝術非常感興趣,對美懷有強烈熱望。他的主要作品有《現代畫家》、《威尼斯的石頭》等。在本文中他向人們揭示了選擇正確人生道路的重要性和迫切性,引人深思。

2021年2月19日 星期五

名詞

   在英語中,名詞用以表示人或事物的名稱,是各級各類考試的熱點之一,主要測試考生辨析近義詞和近形詞的能力。名詞不但有單複數的變化,而且有普通名詞和專有名詞之分,還有用法獨待的所有格形式。

  1.名詞複數的規則變化

  情況 構成方法 讀音 例詞

  一般情況 -s  1.清輔音後讀/s/; 2.濁輔音和母音後讀 /z/; book---books bag---bags car----cars

  以s, sh, ch, x等結尾的詞

  加 -es /iz/  bus-buses watch-watches

  以ce,se,ze,

  (d)ge等結尾的詞 -s /iz/  license-licenses

  以輔音字母+y結尾的詞  y i 再加es /z/ baby---babies

  2.名詞複數的不規則變化

  1) y結尾的專有名詞,或母音字母+y 結尾的名詞變複數時,直接加s變複數。

  如: two Marys the Henrys monkey---monkeys

  holiday---holidays

  比較: 層樓:storey ---storeys  story---stories

  2) o 結尾的名詞,變複數時:

  a. s,如: photo---photos  piano---pianos

  radio---radios  zoo---zoos;

  b. es,如:potato--potatoes tomato--tomatoes

  c. 均可,如:zero---zeros / zeroes

  3) ffe 結尾的名詞變複數時:

  a. s,如: belief---beliefs roof---roofs

  safe---safes  gulf---gulfs;

  b. f,fe ves,如:half---halves

  knife---knives leaf---leaves wolf---wolves

  wife---wives life---lives thief---thieves;

  c. 均可,如: handkerchief: handkerchiefs / handkerchieves

  3.不可數名詞數的表示方法

  1)物質名詞

  a. 當物質名詞轉化為個體名詞時。

  比較:Cake is a kind of food. 蛋糕是一種食物。 (不可數) These cakes are sweet. 這些蛋糕很好吃。 (可數)

  b. 當物質名詞表示該物質的種類時,名詞可數。

  This factory produces steel. (不可數) We need various steels. (可數)

  c. 當物質名詞表示份數時,可數。

  Our country is famous for tea. Two teas, please. 請來兩杯茶。

  我國因茶葉而聞名。

  2) 抽象名詞有時也可數。

  four freedoms 四大自由 the four modernizations四個現代化

  物質名詞和抽象名詞可以借助單位詞表一定的數量。

  如: a glass of water 一杯水 a piece of advice 一條建議

  4.定語名詞的複數

  名詞作定語一般用單數,但也有例外。

  1) 用複數作定語。 如:

  sports meeting 運動會 students reading-room 學生閱覽室  talks table 談判桌

  the foreign languages school外語學校

  2) man, woman, gentleman等作定語時,其單複數以所修飾的名詞的單複數而定。

  如:men workers  women teachers gentlemen officials

  3) 有些原有s結尾的名詞,作定語時,s保留。 如:goods train (貨車) arms produce 武器生產

  4) 數詞+名詞作定語時,這個名詞一般保留單數形式。

  如:two-dozen eggs 兩打/(二十四個雞蛋)

  a ten-mile walk 十裡路

  two-hundred trees 兩百棵樹

  a five-year plan. 一個五年計劃

  5.不同國家的人的單複數

  名稱 總稱(謂語用複數) 一個人  兩個人

  中國人 the Chinese a Chinese two Chinese

  俄國人 the Russians a Russian two Russians

  瑞士人 the Swiss  a Swiss two Swiss

  澳大利亞人 the Australians  an  Australian two Australians

  義大利人 the Italians an Italian  two Italians

  希臘人         the Greek a Greek two Greeks

  法國人       the French a Frenchman two Frenchmen

  日本人     the Japanese a Japanese  two Japanese

  美國人     the Americans an American two Americans

  加拿大人    the Canadians a Canadian two Canadians

  印度人       the Indians an Indian two Indians

  英國人      the English an Englishman two Englishmen

  瑞典人        the Swedish a Swede two Swedes

  德國人       the Germans a Germans two Germans

  6.名詞的格

  在英語中有些名詞可以加"'s"來表示所有關係,帶這種詞尾的名詞形式稱為該名詞的所有格,如:a teacher's book。名詞所有格的規則如下:

  1)單數名詞詞尾加"'s",複數名詞詞尾沒有s,也要加"'s",如the boy's bag 男孩的書包,men's room 男廁所。

  2)若名詞已有複數詞尾-s ,只加"'",如:the workers' struggle 工人的鬥爭。

  3) 凡不能加"'s"的名詞,都可以用"名詞+of +名詞"的結構來表示所有關係,如:the title of the song 歌的名字。

  4)在表示店鋪或教堂名字或某人的家時,名詞所有格的後面常常不出現它所修飾的名詞,如:the barber's 理髮店。

  5) 如果兩個名詞並列,並且分別有's,則表示"分別有";只有一個's,則表示'共有'

  如:John's and Mary's room(兩間)  John and Mary's room(一間)

  6) 複合名詞或短語,'s 加在最後一個詞的詞尾。

疑問句

   疑問句(Interrogative Sentence)

  定義:表達疑問(亦即發問)或請求的句子叫做疑問句。例:

  Is he a friend of your brother's?

  (他是你哥哥的朋友嗎?——發問)

  Can you do this for me?

  (你能替我做這件事嗎?——請求)

  疑問句的句末必須使用問號(Question mark)“?”來標示問句的結束。

  疑問句:可分為一般疑問句、特殊疑問句、選擇疑問句、反意疑問句和否定疑問句。

  種類 特徵 語調 舉例 回答

  一般疑問句 +++?

  助動詞+++? 升調 Are you from London?

  Do you speak Russian? yes, no回答

  特殊疑問句 疑問詞+++?

  疑問詞++++? 降調 How are you feeling?

  When will you get there? 直接回答,不用yesno

  選擇疑問句 一般問句:系+++…or…?

  助+++…or…? Or前升調。Or後降調 Is he tall or short?

  Does he stay home or go there? 直接回答問句中一個,不用yes, no

  特殊問句:疑問詞+++…or…? 第一部分用降調,第二部分or 前升調,or後降調 Which is bigger, the sun or the moon?

  Who runs faster, Tom or Peter? 選一個答案,不用yes, no

  反意疑問句 陳述部分肯定:陳述,助()+not+? 陳述部分用降調,一問部分用升調 It is raining, isn’t it?

  You did it, didn’t you? 答案肯定時用yes,否定時用no

  陳述部分否定:否定陳述句,助()++? 如對陳述肯定,可用降調 It isn’t fine, is it?

  They haven’t come, have they?

  否定疑問句 +not++?

  助+not+++? 表示驚異用升調。讚歎、責難用降調 Aren’t they beautiful?

  Won’t you come in for a minute?

感歎句

   感歎句:一般是用來表示說話時的喜悅、驚訝等情感。英語感歎句常用"what""how"引導,"what""how"與所修飾的詞置於句首,其它部分用陳述句語序。

  感歎詞 修飾物件 感歎部分 主語 謂語+其他!

  How(副詞) 修飾形容詞 How nice

  How nice a girl the girl

  she is!

  is!

  修飾副詞 How well

  How hard the boy

  the workers Is swimming!

  are working!

  修飾動詞 How

  =what the flowers

  How

  =how fast She

  she

  he

  he Loves the flowers!

  loves!

  runs!

  runs!

  What(形容詞) 修飾單數可數名詞 What a nice girl

  =How nice a girl Jenny

  Jenny Was!

  was!

  修飾複數可數名詞 What nice girls They Were!

  修飾不可數名詞 What fine weather

  what dirty water It

  he Is!

  drank!

  感歎句的特殊形式

  感歎句還可由陳述句、疑問句、祈使句,甚至一個片語及單詞構成。例如:

  There was no face showing!

  He’s such a nice boy!

  The Great Wall is a magnificent building!

  Isn’t it snowing heavily!

  Wonderful!

  Nonsense!

  Happy New Year to you!

  Cheer!

女性を安心させる方法には、以下のような提案があります。

誠実で透明性を持つこと:女性は信頼感や安全感があることを好むため、できるだけ誠実で透明であることが大切です。何かを隠したり、欺いたりしないで、自分の本当の思いや感情を話してください。 尊重と思いやり:女性の感情や必要性を尊重し、思いやりを示し、愛されていると感じさせます。これには...