前進動力

2021年2月19日 星期五

被動語態

   一、語態概述

  英語的語態是通過動詞形式的變化表現出來的。英語中有兩種語態:主動語態和被動語態。

  主動語態表示主語是動作的執行者。巧記為:主動、主動、主去動。

  被動語態表示主語是動作的承受者,即行為動作的物件。巧記為:被動、被動、主被動。例如:

  English is spoken by many people.主語English是動詞speak的承受者。

  主動態和被動態指的是動詞形式,是詞法概念;而主動句和被動句則指的是句子結構,從而是句法概念。所謂主動句就是由主動態動詞(片語)作謂語動詞的句子,而被動句則是由被動態動詞(片語)作謂語動詞的句子。例如:

  He opened the door.他開了門。(主動句)

  The door was opened.門被開了。(被動句)

  二、被動語態的構成

  被動語態由“助動詞be+及物動詞的過去分詞”構成。人稱、數和時態的變化是通過be的變化表現出來的。現以teach為例說明被動語態在各種時態中的構成。

  一般現在時:am/is/are+taught

  一般過去時:was/were+taught

  一般將來時:will/shall be+taught

  現在進行時:am/is/are being+taught

  過去進行時:have/has been+taught

  現在完成時:have/has been+taught

  記憶歌訣:被動語態be字變,過去分詞跟後面。

  注意:區分被動語態與“be+過去分詞”結構

  be+過去分詞”並不一定都是被動語態,有時是系表結構。當“be+過去分詞”表示動作時為被動語態,be是助動詞,be後面的過去分詞是主要動詞,動作的對象是主語;當“be +過去分詞”表示主語所處的狀態時為系表結構,be是連系動詞。be後面的過去分詞是表語,相當於形容詞。其區分辦法如下:

  1 如果強調動作或句中有介詞by引導出動作的執行者,該句一般為被動語態,否則為系表結構。例如:The glass is broken.玻璃杯碎了。(系表結構) The glass was broken by the boy.玻璃杯被那男孩打碎了。(被動語態)

  2 如果句中有地點、頻率或時間狀語時,一般為被動語態。如:The magazine is published in Shanghai.這家雜誌出版於上海。(被動語態)The door is locked.門鎖著。(系表結構)The door has already/just been locked.門已經/剛剛被鎖上。(被動語態)The shop is opened.這家商店開門了。(系表結構) The shop is opened at 8 a.m. everyday.這家商店每天上午八點開門。(被動語態)

  3 被動語態除用於一般時態和完成時態外,還可以用於其他各種時態,而系表結構中的系動詞be只有一般時態和完成時態。

  三、被動語態的用法

  1 不知道或沒有必要說明動作的執行者是誰。例如:

  1) Some new computers were stolen last night.

  一些新電腦在昨晚被盜了。(不知道電腦是誰偷的)

  2) This book was published in 1981.這本書出版於1981年。

  2 強調動作的承受者,而不強調動作的執行者。例如:

  1) This book was written by him.這本書是他寫的。

  2) Eight hours per day for sleep must be guaranteed.每天8小時睡眠必須得到保證。

  記憶歌訣:誰做的動作不知道,說出誰做的沒有必要;動作承受者需強調,被動語態運用到。

  四、主動語態變被動語態的方法

  1 把主動語態的賓語變為被動語態的主語。

  2 把謂語變成被動結構(be+過去分詞),根據被動語態句子裡的主語的人稱和數,以及原來主 動語態句子中動詞的時態來決定be的形式。

  3 把主動語態中的主語放在介詞by之後作賓語,將主格改為賓格。例如:

  1) All the people laughed at him.= He was laughed at by all people.

  2) They make the bikes in the factory.= The bikes are madeby themin the factory.

  記憶歌訣:賓變主,主變賓,by短語後面跟。謂語動詞變被動,be後“過分”來使用。

  五、含有情態動詞的被動語態

  含有情態動詞的主動句變成被動句時,由“情態動詞+be+過去分詞”構成,原來帶to的情態動詞變成被動語態後“to”仍要保留。

  記憶歌訣:情態動詞變動,情態加be加“過分”,原來帶to要保留。例如:

  1) We can repair this watch in two days. = This watch can be repaired in two days.

  2) You ought to take it away. = It ought to be taken away.

  3) They should do it at once. = It should be done at once

定語從句

   定語從句(Attributive Clauses)在句中做定語,修飾一個名詞或代詞,有時也可以修飾部分或整個句子。

  被修飾的名詞,片語或代詞即先行詞。定語從句通常出現在先行詞之後,由關係詞(關係代詞或關係副詞)引出。

  關係代詞有:who, whom, whose, that, which, as。

  關係副詞有:when, where, why, how。

  關係代詞和關係副詞放在先行詞和定語從句之間,起連接作用,同時又可做定語從句的一個成分。當關係代詞做賓語時可以省略。

  定語從句中的謂語動詞必須在人稱上和數量上和先行詞保持一致。

  定語從句分為限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句。

  1 、關係代詞引導的定語從句

  1) who, whom, that 這些詞代替的先行詞是人的名詞或代詞,在從句中所起作用如下:

  Is he the man who/that wants to see you?(who/that在從句中作主語)

  He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.(whom/that在從句中作賓語)

  2) whose 用來指人或物,(只用作定語,若指物,它還可以同of which互換),例如:

  Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green.

  3) which, that 它們所代替的先行詞是事物的名詞或代詞,在從句中可作主語、賓語等,例如:

  A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside.(which / that在句中作賓語)

  The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. (which / that在句中作賓語)

  關係代詞that和which 都可以指物,that 和Who 都可以指人,其用法區別:

  不用that的情況:

  a) 在引導非限定性定語從句時

  (錯)The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here.

  b) 介詞後不能用

  We depend on the land from which we get our food.

  c) 多用who 的情況

  ①關係代詞在從句中做主語

  A friend who helps you in time of need is a real friend.

  ②先行詞為those, people 時

  Those who were either fools or unfit for their offices could not see the cloth.

  ③先行詞為all, anyone, ones, one 指人時

  One who doesn't work hard will never succeed in his work.

  ④在There be句型中

  There is a stranger who wants to see you.

  ⑤在被分隔的定語從句中

  A new teacher will come tomorrow who will teach you German.

  ⑥在有兩個定語從句的句子中,其一用who,其二用that,但若先行詞後接兩個以上的並列定語從句時,後一個必須重複前一個關係代詞。

  The student who was praised at the meeting is the monitor that is very modest and studies very hard.

  There is a teacher who is always ready to help others and who enjoys what he does.

  2) 只能用that作為定語從句的關係代詞的情況

  a)在不定代詞,如:anything, nothing, everything, all, much, few, any, little等作先行詞時,只用that,不用which。

  All that is needed is a supply of oil.

  Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police.

  b)先行詞有the only, the very, the just修飾時,只用that。

  He is the very man that helped the girl out of the water.

  c)先行詞為序數詞(the last)、數詞、形容詞最高級時,只用that。

  The first English book that I read was "The Prince and the Pauper" by Mark Twin.

  d)先行詞既有人,又有物時。

  He talked about the teachers and schools that he visited.

  e)當主句是以who 或which 開始的特殊疑問句時,用that 以避免重複。

  Who is the person that is standing at the gate.

  f)關係代詞在從句中做表語

  He is not the man that he used to be.

  2 、關係副詞引導的定語從句

  關係副詞可代替的先行詞是時間、地點、方式或理由的名詞,在從句中作狀語。

  關係副詞when, where, why, how的含義相當於"介詞+ which"結構,因此常常和"介詞+ which"結構交替使用,例如:

  There are occasions when (on which) one must yield.

  Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born.

  Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer?

  I'm surprised the way how (by which) he works out the problem.

  注意:

  ①在非限制性定語從句中,"介詞+ which"結構不能代替關係副詞。

  如:They set up a state for their own , where they would be free to keep Negroes as slaves.

  ②含有介詞短語的動詞一般不能拆開,介詞仍放在動詞後面。

  Is this the book which (that) she was looking for?

  3、名詞/數詞/代詞 /形容詞最高級 + 介詞 + 關係代詞引導定語從句

  She has written a book , the name of which I have forgotten.

  There are fifty-five students in our class , all of whom are working hard.

  There are five continents in the world , the largest of which is Asia.

  4、as, which 引導非限定性定語從句的差別

  由as, which 引導的非限定性定語從句,as和which可代整個主句,相當於and this或and that。As一般放在句首,which在句中。

  As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.

  The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.

  as可引導非限制性從句,常帶有“正如”的意思。

  As is know, smoking is harmful to one's health.

  用法區別:

  (1) as 引導的定語從句可置於句首,而which不可。

  As we all know, he never smokes.

  (2) as 代表前面的整個主句並在從句中作主語時,從句中的謂語必須是系動詞;若為行為動詞,則從句中的關係代詞只能用which。

  (3)非限定性定語從句中出現expect, think, suppose 等表示猜測、想像、預料等時。

  She succeeded in her doing the research work , as we expected.

  (4)As 的用法 the same… as; such…as 中的as 是一種固定結構, 和……一樣……。

  I should like to use the same tool as is used here.

  We should have such a dictionary as he is using.

倒裝結構

   一 全部倒裝

  全部倒裝是指將句子中的謂語動詞全部置於主語之前。此結構通常只用與一般現在時和一般過去時。常見的結構有:

  1. here, there, now, then, thus等副詞置於句首, 謂語動詞常用be, come, go, lie, run。例如:

  1) There goes the bell. 鈴聲漸漸消失了。

  2) Then came the chairman. 然後主席就來了

  3) Here is your letter. 這是你的信。

  2. 表示運動方向的副詞或地點狀語置於句首,謂語表示運動的動詞。例如:

  1) Out rushed a missile from under the bomber. 轟炸機下麵發出了一顆導彈。

  2) Ahead sat an old woman.

  注意:上述全部倒裝的句型結構的主語必須是名詞,如果主語是人稱代詞則不能完全倒裝。例如:

  1) Here he comes. 他來了。

  2) Away they went. 他們走了。

  二 部分倒裝

  部分倒裝是指將謂語的一部分如助動詞或情態倒裝至主語之前。如果句中的謂語沒有助動詞或情態動詞,則需添加助動詞do, does或did,並將其置於主語之前。

  1. 句首為否定或半否定的詞語,如no, not, never, seldom, little, hardly, at no time, in no way, not until… 等。例如:

  1) Never have I seen such a performance. 我從來沒看過這樣的表演。

  2) Nowhere will you find the answer to this question. 你在哪兒都不會找到這個問題的答案。

  3) Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room. 媽媽直到孩子睡著才離開房間。

  注意:當Not until引出主從複合句,主句倒裝,從句不倒裝。

  注意: 如否定詞不在句首不倒裝。例如:

  1) I have never seen such a performance.我從來沒看過這樣的表演。

  2) The mother didn't leave the room until the child fell asleep.媽媽直到孩子睡著才離開房間。

  2. 帶有否定意義的詞放在句首,語序需要部分倒裝。常見的詞語有: not , never , seldom , scarcely , barely , little , at no time , not only , not once , under on condition , hardly … when , no sooner …than …等。例如:

  1) Not only did he refuse the gift, he also severely criticized the sender. 他不僅拒收了禮品,還狠狠批評了送禮的人。

  2) Hardly had she gone out when a student came to visit her. 她剛要出門時有個學生來找她。

  3) No sooner had she gone out than a student came to visit her. 她剛要走時一個學生來看她。

  注意:只有當Not only… but also連接兩個分句時,才在第一個分句用倒裝結構。如果置於句首的Not only… but also僅連接兩個並列詞語,不可用倒裝結構。例如:

  Not only you but also I am fond of music. 我和你都喜歡音樂。

  3. 表示"也"、"也不" 的so, neither, nor放在句首時,句子作部分倒裝。例如:

  1) Tom can speak French. So can Jack. Tom能說法語,我也能。

  2) If you won't go, neither will I. 如果你不去,我也不去。

  注意: 當so引出的句子用以對上文內容加以證實或肯定時,不可用倒裝結構。意為"的確如此"。例如:

  1) Tom asked me to go to play football and so I did. Tom讓我去踢足球,我去了。

  2) ---It's raining hard.   ---So it is. ---雨下得很大。 ---的確很大。

  4. only放在句首,強調狀語(副詞,介詞短語或狀語從句等),全句語序要部分倒裝。例如:

  Only in this way, can you learn English well.你只有用這種方法才能學好英語。

  Only after being asked three times did he come to the meeting. 他被請了三次才來開會。

  注意:如果句子為主從複合句,則主句倒裝,從句不倒裝

  Only when he is seriously ill, does he ever stay in bed. 他只有病得非常嚴重時才會臥床休息。

  三 as, though 引導的倒裝句

  as / though引導的讓步從句必須將表語或狀語提前 (形容詞, 副詞, 分詞, 實義動詞提前)。此時應注意:1) 句首名詞不能帶任何冠詞;2) 句首是實義動詞, 其他助動詞放在主語後。如果實義動詞有賓語和狀語,隨實義動詞一起放在主語之前。例如:

  Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily. 儘管他願意努力工作,但是他好像從來都不能令他的工作満意。

  注意: 讓步狀語從句中,有though,although時,後面的主句不能有but,但是 though 和yet可連用。

  四 其他部分倒裝

  1. so… that 句型中的so 位於句首時,需倒裝。例如:

  So frightened was he that he did not dare to move an inch. 他害怕得動都不敢動。

  2. 在某些表示祝願的句型中,例如:

  May you all be happy. 望大家開心愉快。

  3. 在虛擬語氣條件句中從句謂語動詞有were, had, should等詞,可將if 省略,把 were, had, should 移到主語之前,採取部分倒裝。例如:

  Were I you, I would try it again. 如果我是你,我就再試一次。

女性を安心させる方法には、以下のような提案があります。

誠実で透明性を持つこと:女性は信頼感や安全感があることを好むため、できるだけ誠実で透明であることが大切です。何かを隠したり、欺いたりしないで、自分の本当の思いや感情を話してください。 尊重と思いやり:女性の感情や必要性を尊重し、思いやりを示し、愛されていると感じさせます。これには...